Electron Cloud in the LHC

Synchrotron radiation from proton bunches in the LHC creates photoelectrons at the beam screen wall. These photoelectrons are pulled toward the positively charged proton bunch. When they hit the opposite wall, they generate secondary electrons which can in turn be accelerated by the next bunch. Depending on several assumptions about surface reflectivity, photoelectron and secondary electron yield, this mechanism can lead to the fast build-up of an electron cloud (the animation shows simulation results by O. Brüning for 10 subsequent bunch passages, during which the pictures become red) with potential implications for beam stability and heat load on the beam screen. In view of the tight deadline for the design of the LHC cryogenic system, a crash program has been set up to measure the relevant physical quantities with and without magnetic field.

CERN, Animations, LHC News, PS News, Other News, Computer Codes, Simulation Comparison, Publications (Archive), Bibliography (Archive), Workshops, People+Feedback

NEW

Movies of the single-bunch electron-cloud instability: (1) SPS with space charge, (2) Electron distribution in the SPS during one bunch passage (3) KEKB LER
The animations show the single bunch evolution under the effect of the electron cloud in the SPS as well as in the Low Energy Ring of the KEK B Factory. The dotted line represents the centroid position along the bunch, and the solid lines are located at +/- one bunch rms-size from the centroid. Detailed Description .

Simulations for LHC: Latest news
Simulated LHC arc heat loads increase by a factor 2-3 if elastically scattered electrons are included in addition to the true secondaries.

Electron Cloud in the PS
Since October 2000, apparent electron cloud effects are observed with the LHC beam in the PS to SPS transfer line and also on the last turns prior to ejection from the PS. The observations include dilution of SEM profile measurements, and baseline shifts on BPM pick-up signals. If the LHC beam is stored, and not extracted a single-bunch instability affects the last two thirds of the batch. (R. Cappi, M. Giovannozzi, E. Metral, and G. Metral).

Other News

Computer Codes: ECLOUD (Download), PHOTON, HEADTAIL (Download) , Faktor2 (Downlad)

Simulation Comparison: Communication Web Page

CERN Studies: 2010 Meetings, Meetings , Internal Meetings

Analytic estimates, simulations and measurements on Electron Cloud in the LHC, SPS and PS:

V.V. Anashin, A. Krasnov, Method of SEY and electron clouds life time measurements in the presence of magnetic field, BINP Vacuum Group Report 5-2009; presentation at CERN (A. Krasnov, 12.03.2010)
Humberto Maury Cuna, Study of the Heat Load due to the Electron Cloud in the LHC and in Higher-Luminosity LHC Extensions (in Spanish), Master Thesis U. Merida (shortened English version [word]), August 2009
Humberto Maury Cuna, Study of the Heat Load in the LHC (pdf), ABP/LCU Meeting, 28 July 2009
F. Caspers, G. Rumolo, W. Scandale, F. Zimmermann, Beam-Induced Multipactoring and Electron-Cloud Effects in Particle Accelerators (pdf), International Workshop in Multipactor, Corona and Passive Intermodulation (MULCOPIM'08), Valencia 24-26 September 2008, CARE-Conf-08-012-HHH
Humberto Maury Cuna, Updated Electron-Cloud Heat-Load Simulations for LHC (25 and 50 ns spacing) and LHC Upgrades, ABP/LCU Meeting, 9. September 2008; Summary Report for HELEN.
G. Franchetti, F. Zimmermann, Electron-Cloud Intrabunch Density Modulation, EPAC'08 Genoa, 23-27 June 2008
M. Furman, Electron Cloud - Status and Plans, LARP Collaboration Meeting CM10, Danford's Inn, 23-25 April 2008
G. Rumolo, G. Arduini, E. Métral, E. Shaposhnikova, E. Benedetto, R. Calaga, G. Papotti, and B. Salvant, Dependence of the Electron-Cloud Instability on the Beam Energy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 144801 (2008)
G. Rumolo, Recent Developments of the HEADTAIL Code and Benchmarking, CERN AB Seminar, 17 April 2008
M. Furman, Electron Cloud - Status and Plans, LARP Collaboration Meeting, FNAL, 18-20 April 2007
W. Bruns, Status of Faktor2: Electrostatic PIC in 2D/3D, Simulations of Electron Cloud and Ions, Wiggler Fields and Slits, CLIC Meeting, 9 February 2007
J.-L. Vay, New self-consistent 3-D capabilities of electron cloud simulations, CERN AB Forum 06.10.2006
E. Benedetto, G. Franchetti, F. Zimmermann, Incoherent Effects of Electron Clouds in Proton Storage Rings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 034801 (2006)
M. Furman, M. Carrie, New POSINST Results for an LHC Dipole: 1. power deposition vs. peak SEY for Nb=1e11 (replaces Fig. 3c of the PRST paper) 2. power deposition vs. Nb for several values of peak SEY (Fig. 3a) 3. power deposition vs. Nb for the "no rediffused" case, for peak SEY=1.3 (part of Fig. 8) 4. power deposition vs. Nb for the "no rediffused" case, for peak SEY=1.5 (part of Fig. 8)
B.B. Levchenko, On Field Emission in High Energy Colliders Initiated by a Relativistic Positively Charged Bunch of Particles, physics/0608135v1, 12 August 2006
E. Benedetto, Emittance Growth Induced by Electron Cloud in CERN Proton Rings, CERN AB Seminar 27.07.2006
E. Benedetto, Emittance Growth Induced by Electron Cloud in Proton Storage Rings, PhD thesis Politecnico Torino, 2006 (2008).
E. Benedetto, Emittance Growth Induced by Electron Cloud in Proton Storage Rings (movie), slides from PhD defense Politecnico Torino, 2006
F. Zimmermann, Overview of LHC Electron-Cloud Effects & Present Understanding, CARE CERN-GSI bilateral meeting, March 30-31, 2006
N. Diaczenko, A. Jaisle, P. McIntyre, N. Pogue, Killing the Electron Cloud Effect in the LHC Arcs, November 2005
M.A. Furman, V.H. Chaplin, Update on Electron-Cloud Power Deposition for the LHC Arc Dipoles, LBNL-59062, January 2006
E. Benedetto, D. Schulte, G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Simulation study of electron cloud induced instabilities and emittance growth for the CERN Large Hadron Collider proton beam, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 124402, 2005.
M. Furman, Electron Cloud Update (ppt), LARP Meeting Pheasant Run, October 2005
F. Zimmermann, LHC Electron Cloud Update (ppt), LHC MAC, June 2005
D Schulte, G. Arduini, V. Baglin, J.M. Jimenez, F. Ruggiero, F. Zimmermann , Electron Cloud Measurements in the SPS in 2004, PAC2005 Knoxville, LHC Project Report 847
G. Arduini, E. Benedetto, B. Feng, G. Franchetti, A. Galham, T. Katsoueleas, K. Ohmi, F. Roncarlo, G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Effect of Lattice and Electron Distribution in Electron-Cloud Instability Simulations for the CERN SPS and LHC, PAC2005 Knoxville, LHC Project Report 828
E. Benedetto, G. Franchetti, K. Ohmi, D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann, Emittance growth caused by electron cloud below the "fast TMCI" threshold: numerical noise or true physics? PAC2005 Knoxville, LHC Project Report 826
S. Heifets, Coherent Radiation of Electron Cloud, HHH-2004 workshop, Geneva, 2004.
V. Baglin & B. Jenninger, Latest Results from COLDEX, CERN APC 26.05.2005 (also Experimental Results of an LHC Type Cryogenic Vacuum System Subjected to an Electron Cloud, ECLOUD'04)
N. Hilleret, Results from the Scrubbing Run 2004, LHC MAC December 2004
V. Baglin, B. Jenninger, Pressure and Heat Load in a LHC Type Cryogenic Vacuum System Subjected to Electron Cloud, ECLOUD'04, LHC-Project-Report-721 (2004).
E. Benedetto, Effect of Electron Cloud on Emittance , LHC MAC July 2004
D. Schulte, Benchmarking of ECLOUD , LHC MAC July 2004
P. Strubin, Results from the Scrubbing Run 2004. , LHC MAC July 2004
G. Arduini, Electron Cloud Studies at the SPS - Beam Stability Issues , LHC MAC July 2004
J.-M.. Laurent, H. Song, Electron-Cloud Energy and Power Measurements in SPS, , CERN Vacuum Technical Note TN-04-03.
F. Zimmermann, E. Benedetto, Electron-Cloud Effects in the LHC , ICFA Newsletter no. 32, May/June 2004.
J.M. Jimenez et al., Electron Cloud Heat Load Estimations for the LHC Using Strip and Retarding Field Detectors , LHC-Project-Report-677 (2003).
V. Baglin, I.R. Collins, and B. Jenninger, Performance of Cryogenic Vacuum System (COLDEX) with an LHC Type Beam, presented at EVC8, Berlin (2003).
L. Vos, Analysis of Electron Cloud, CERN-AB-2003-074 (2003).
E. Benedetto, et al. Transverse 'Monopole' Instability driven by Electron Cloud?, PAC 2003, CERN-AB-2003-036-ABP (2003).
G. Arduini, et al. Present Understanding of Electron-Cloud Effects in the Large Hadron Collider, PAC 2003, LHC-Project-Report-645 (2003).
M. Pivi, LHC Electron Cloud Simulation with Cimino/Collins Model (power point), April 2003.
J.M. Jimenez et al., Electron Cloud with LHC-Type Beams in the SPS: A Review of Three Years of Measurements, LHC-Project-Report-632 (2003)
F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud Progress, 13th LHC MAC (04/03/2003)
Vacuum Session and Proceedings of Chamonix XII.
F. Zimmermann, Electron-Cloud Simulations: Build Up and Instability , TU Darmstadt, 03.02.03
R. Cimino, I. Collins, Status Report of the INFN Surface Science Laboratory now at CERN
M. Giovannozzi et al., Electron Cloud Buildup and Instability: Numerical Simulations for the CERN Proton Synchrotron, PRST-AB 6:010101 (2003).
G. Rumolo and F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud Simulations: Beam Instabilities and Wake Fields, PRST-AB 5:121002 (2002).
M. Giovannozzi et al., Electron Cloud Buildup and Related Instability in the CERN Proton Synchrotron , PRST-AB 5:094401 (2002).
LHC Vacuum Group Section, Electron-Cloud Parameters (V. Baglin et al.).
F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud Progress, 12th LHC MAC (12/09/2002).
G. Rumolo, slides from presentation at the SL/AP Group meeting (08/08/2002). Look & download
F. Zimmermann, Electron-Cloud Simulations for Rectangular Vacuum Chambers, CERN-SL-Note-2002-025.
ECLOUD02: Mini-Workshop on the Electron-Cloud Simulations for Proton and Positron Beams , CERN, Geneva, April 15-18, 2002.
Mini-Workshop on SPS Scrubbing Run Results, CERN June 28, 2002.
O. Boine-Frankenheim, I. Hofmann, G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Driving the Electron-Cloud Instability by an Electron Cooler, EPAC 2002 Paris, CERN-SL-2002-035.
G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Practical User Guide for ECloud, CERN-SL-Note-2002-016.
G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Electron-Cloud Wake Fields, EPAC 2002 Paris, CERN-SL-2002-034.
G. Rumolo, SL Seminar: Electron Cloud Simulations (06/12/2001). Download zipped slides in pdf format
G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Contributions of the SL-AP Group to the Two-Stream Instabilities Workshop., CERN-SL-2001-067.
G. Arduini, K. Cornelis, W. Hoefle, G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Transverse Behaviour of the LHC Proton Beam in the SPS : An Update., PAC 2001, Chicago, CERN-SL-2001-0050.
V. Baglin, I. Collins, B. Henrist, N. Hilleret, G. Vorlaufer, A Summary of Main Experimental Results Concerning the Secondary Electron Emission of Copper, LHC-Project-Report-472.
G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Simulation of Single Bunch Instabilities driven by Electron Cloud in the SPS , PAC 2001, Chicago, CERN-SL-2001-0041.
F. Zimmermann, The Electron-Cloud Instability: Summary of Measurements and Understanding, PAC 2001, Chicago, CERN-SL-2001-0035. Slides of Talk (incomplete)
R. Cappi, M. Giovannozzi, E. Metral, G. Metral, F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud Effects in the CERN PS, PAC 2001, Chicago, CERN-PS-2001-020.
G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, Interplay of Ionization and Sputtering with the Electron Cloud , CERN-SL-2001-014-AP.
Electron Cloud Session at Chamonix XI. F. Ruggiero, Introduction and Motivation; K. Oide, Observations and Cures of Electron Cloud Effects at the KEKB Low Energy Ring; J. Jimenez, SPS Vacuum Observations and Electron Scrubbing; G. Arduini, Observations on Transverse Instabilities; V. Baglin, Ingredients for the Understanding and the Simulation of Multipacting; F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud Simulations:; An Update; K. Cornelis, SPS Measurements of Electron Cloud Impedance; G. Rumolo, Theory and Simulation of Electron-Cloud Instability; F. Zimmermann, Discussion: Electron-Cloud Effects, Vacuum; F. Ruggiero, Electron Cloud in the SPS - Summary.
A. Arauzo, F. Zimmermann, Electron-Cloud Energy and Angular Distribution , CERN-SL-Note-2000-057 AP.
G. Rumolo, F. Ruggiero, F. Zimmermann, Simulation of the electron-cloud build up and its consequences on heat load, beam stability and diagnostics , CERN-SL-2000-073-AP, presented at ICAP2000 (Darmstadt, Germany, 11-14 September 2000) and Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 4 (2001) 012801.

Reports and Notes on LHC/SPS/PS Electron Cloud from 2000 and Earlier

Background bibliography and related links

G. Franchetti, I. Hofmann, F. Zimmermann, Incoherent Effects of Space Charge and Electron Cloud, EPAC'08 Genoa, 23-27 June 2008
Kiran G. Sonnad, Miguel A. Furman and Jean-Luc Vay, Progress on electron cloud effects calculations for the FNAL main injector, LBNL-767E, 9 June 2008
L. Wang, T. Raubenheimer, Distortion of Crabbed Bunch Due to the Electron Cloud, SLAC-PUB-13242 (2008)
M. Pivi, Electron Cloud R&D for Future Linear Colliders, CERN, AP Forum, 20 March 2008
M. Pivi, CMAD Simulation Code Status, CERN, 19 March 2008
S. De Santis, J. M. Byrd, F. Caspers, A. Krasnykh, T. Kroyer, M. T. Pivi, and K. G. Sonnad, Measurement of Electron Clouds in Large Accelerators by Microwave Dispersion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 094801 (2008)
D. Wolk et al, An Investigation of the Effect of Fringing Fields on Multipactor Breakdown; G. Torregrosa et al, Analysis of Multipactor Effect in Dieletric-Loaded Waveguides; A.M. Perez et al, Multicoax: A Software Tool for Predicting Multipactor RF Breakdown Threshold in Coaxial and Circular Waveguides ; C. Vicente et al, FEST3D - A Simulation Tool for Multipactor Prediction ; Proc. 5th International Workshop on Multipactor, Corona and Passive Intermodulation in Space RF Hardware, MULCOPIM 2005, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, September, 2005
M. Pivi, PEP-II test of grooved vs flat chambers in field-free region, 12.09.2007
J.-L. Vay, Noninvariance of Space- and Time-Scale Ranges under a Lorentz Transformation and the Implications for the Study of Relativistic Interactions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 130405 (2007).
V.V. Anashin, O.B. Malyshev, E.E. Pyata, Photoelectron Current from the Substrate with Cryosorbed Gases (figures), Vacuum Technical Note 99-04.
R. Calder, O. Grobner, A.G. Mathewson, V.V. Anashin, A. Dranichikov, O.B. Malyshev, Synchrotron Radiation Induced Gas Desorption from a Prototype Large Hadron Collider Beam Screen at Cryogenic Temperature, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 14 (4) (1996).
M. Yan, H.R. Sadeghpour, and A. Dalgarno, Photoionization Cross Sections of He and H2, The Astrophysical Journal 496, 1044 (1998).
V.V. Anashin, O.B. Malyshev, R. Calder, O. Grobner, A Study of the Photodesorption Process for Cryosorbed Layers of H2, CH4, CO and CO2 at Various Temperatures between 3 K and 68 K, Vacuum 53, 269 (1999).
S.K. Erents, G.M. McCracken, Desorption of Solid Hydrogen by Energetic Protons, Deuterons, and Electrons, J.Appl.Phys. Vol.44, No. 7 (1973).
J.P. Hobson, K.M. Welch, Time-Dependent Helium and Hydrogen Pressure Profiles in a Long Cryogenically Cooled Tube, Pumped at Periodic Intervals, J.Vac.Sci.TechnolA 11(4) (1993).
S.Y. Zhang et al, Experience in Reducing Electron Cloud and Dynamic Pressure Rise in Warm and Cold Regions in RHIC, EPAC06 Edinburgh (2006).
S.T.Lai and M.F. Tautz, Aspects of Spacecraft Charging in Sunlight, IEEE Trans. Plasma Science 34, 5 (2006); M. Tautz, S.T. Lai, Analytical Models for a Rapidly Spinning Spherical Satellite Charging in Sunlight, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110m A07220 (2005).
CESRc Electron Cloud Studies
John Byrd, PEP-II Electron Cloud Diagnostics (ppt), Accelerator Instrumentation and Technology for High Energy Physics, 2006.
Jerry Codner, David Rice, Cornell CESR Electron Cloud Studies 21 February 2006
F. Zimmermann, D. Schulte, R. Cimino, C. Vaccarezza, M. Zobov, R. Wanzenberg, Electron Cloud in Wigglers (gzip-ed ps file), Wiggle'05 and Draft EUROTeV report, December 2005.
V.M. Belugin, A.S. Parfenova, V.M. Pikunov, A.E. Vasiliev, V.V. Vetrov, N.E.Rozanov, Secondary Electrons' Cascade Modelling for Collector Systems (in Russian) [English description by A. Parfenova], Lomonosov M.V Moscow State University Physical Faculty's Reports 2005.
S.T. Lai, Charging of Mirror Surfaces in Space, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, A01204 (2005)
S.Y. Zhang, H. C. Hseuh, P. Thieberger, and D. Trbojevic, Effects of antigrazing ridges on electron cloud at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider warm sections, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 123201, 2005.
K. Ohmi, Electron Cloud Instabilities in the Damping Ring of International Linear Collider, ALCPG & ILC Workshops, Snowmass 2005.
S. S. Win, K. Ohmi, H. Fukuma, M. Tobiyama, J. Flanagan, and S. Kurokawa, Numerical study of coupled-bunch instability caused by an electron cloud, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 094401, 2005.
U. Iriso, S. Peggs, Maps for Coupled Electron and Ion Clouds in Accelerators, C-A/AP/#211, June 2005.
X. Chang et al, Study of Secondary Emission Enhanced Photoinjector, PAC 2005, p. 2711 (2005)
P. Thieberger, U. Iriso, S. Peggs, Maps, Electron-Clouds in RHIC and First-Order Phase-Transitions, C-A/AP/#197, April 2005.
F. Zimmermann, Studies of Electron Cloud, Ion Effects, Synchrobetatron Resonances for KEKB, Super-KEKB, and ILC Damping Rings, 26 November 2005.
K. Ohmi, Incoherent Beam Size Blow Up ..., Chaos and Emittance Growth, KEK Acc-Physics Seminar 25 March 2005
U. Iriso, S. Peggs, Maps for Electron Clouds, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 024403, 2005.
F. Zimmermann, Review of single bunch instabilities driven by an electron cloud, Phys.Rev.ST Accel.Beams 7:124801, 2004.
A. Grudiev, D. Schulte, F. Zimmermann, K. Oide, Electron-Cloud Effects in the Positron Linacs of Future Linear Colliders, LINAC'04
D. Schulte, R. Wanzenberg, F. Zimmermann, Electron-Cloud Effects in the TESLA and CLIC Positron Damping Rings, ECLOUD'04
R. Macek, Report of the Working Group on Electron-Cloud Effects, ICFA Beam Dynamic Mini-Workshop on Beam Induced Pressure Rise at BNL, Dec. 2003.
PRST-AB, Two Stream Special Collection
F. Le Pimpec et al., Secondary Electron Yield Measurements from Thin Surface Coatings for NLC Electron Cloud Reduction , SLAC-PUB-10438 (2004).
G. Rumolo, E. Benedetto; U. Iriso, F. Zimmermann, Single Bunch Instabilities Induced by Electron Cloud in Short Positron/Proton/Ion Bunches , ICFA Newsletter no. 32, May/June 2004.
F. Zimmermann, G. Rumolo, K. Ohmi, Electron Cloud Build Up in Machines with Short Bunches , ICFA Newsletter no. 32, May/June 2004.
R. Wanzenberg, Simulation of Electron Cloud Effects in the PETRA Positron Storage Ring, DESY-M-03-02 (2003).
D. Chen et al., Single Bunch Electron Cloud Effects in the NLC Beam Delivery System, SLAC-TN-03-051 (2003).
F. Zimmermann, New Simulations of Positron-Beam Electron Cloud Build-Up and Electron-Beam Coupled-Bunch Instabilities for KEKB and Super-KEKB , KEK, 31 October 2003.
F. LePimpec et al., Secondary Yield Measurements of TiN Coating and TiZRV Getter Film, SLAC-TN-03-052 and LCC-0128 (2003)
G. Bellodi, Comparison of Electron-Cloud Simulations for Intense Long Proton Bunches (RAL web page)
M. Furman, M. Pivi, A Preliminary Comparative Study of the Electron-Cloud Effect for the PSR, ISIS and the ESS , LBNL-52872 (2003)
M. Furman, M. Pivi, Simulation of Secondary Electron Emission Based on a Phenomenological Probabilistic Model , LBNL-52807 (2003)
F. Zimmermann, Review of Theoretical Investigations on Electron Cloud, ICFA Newsletter no. 31, August, 2003.
G. Bellodi, Electron Cloud Simulations for ISIS and ESS, CERN, April 8, 2003
G. Rumolo, Simulations of Electron Cloud in SIS18 for the New GSI SIS100/200 Project, CERN, April 8, 2003
F. Zimmermann, G. Rumolo, K. Ohmi, Electron Cloud in Electron-Ion Colliders, ICFA Newsletter no. 30, April, 2003.
C. Vaccarezza, et al., Status of and (no?) e-cloud at DAFNE, CERN, April 8, 2003 and DAFNE e-Cloud Simulations
R. Wanzenberg, Electron Clouds in Positron Storage Rings
F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud Studies for KEKB and ATF, March 17-30, 2003
F. Zimmermann, Horizontal Instability in the KEKB HER, KEK, Oct 19-Nov 1, 2002 and March 16-29, 2003
K. Ohmi, Single Bunch Electron Cloud Instability for a Round Beam II (memo), December 2002
K. Ohmi, Single Bunch Electron Cloud Instability for a Round Beam (memo), November 2002
Giovanni Rumolo's home page at GSI
Tom Kroyer's and Fritz Casper's Reflectometer Project
Electron Flight Simulator , based on the code by David Joy U Tennessee (web page)
F. Zimmermann, Two-Stream Effects in Present and Future Accelerators , LHC-Project-Report-588, EPAC 2002, Paris
M. Furman, M. Pivi, Electron-Cloud Simulation Results for the SPS and Recent Results for the LHC , EPAC 2002, Paris
K.V. Lotov, G.V. Stupakov, Single-Bunch Instability of Positron Beams in Electron Cloud , EPAC 2002, Paris
F. Zimmermann, Accelerator Physics Studies for KEKB: Electron Trapping, Electron Cloud in the HER, Closed-Orbit Drift, Horizontal Instability and Tune Shift. , SL-Note-2001-043 MD
S. Heifets, Effect of the e-cloud and CSR on the upgrade of the PEP-II , SLAC-PUB-9050, 23rd Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop on High Luminosity e+ e- Colliders, Ithaca, 2001.
S. Heifets, Wake Field of the e-Cloud , SLAC-PUB-9025, 23rd Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop on High Luminosity e+ e- Colliders, Ithaca, 2001.
K. Ohmi, S. Heifets, F. Zimmermann, Study of Coherent Tune Shift Caused by Electron Cloud in Positron Storage Rings, APAC 2001, Beijing, CERN-SL-2001-062.
L. Wang, G. Rumolo, K. Ohmi, F. Zimmermann, Short Range Wake Field Caused by Electron Cloud in Bending Magnet, APAC 2001, Beijing, CERN-SL-2001-0058.
F. Zimmermann, G. Rumolo, Two-Stream Problems in Accelerators, APAC 2001, Beijing, CERN-SL-2001-0057. Slides of Talk
G. Rumolo, F. Zimmermann, H. Fukuma, K. Ohmi, Electron Cloud Studies for the KEKB, PAC 2001, Chicago, CERN-SL-2001-0040.
APS Electron Cloud Studies
F. Zimmermann, Beam Sizes in Collision and Electron-Cloud Suppression by Clearing Electrodes for KEKB , CERN-SL-Note-2001-022, May 2001.
K. Ohmi, F. Zimmermann, E. Perevedentsev, Study of the fast Head-Tail Instability Caused by Electron Cloud , HEACC2001, CERN-SL-2001-011, March 2001.
F. Zimmermann, H. Fukuma, K. Ohmi, More Electron-Cloud Studies for KEKB: Long-Term Evolution, Solenoid Patterns, and Fast Blow Up, CERN-SL-Note-2000-061, November 2000.
W. Kozanecki, Electron Cloud Observations at PEP-II , February 2001.
F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud at the CERN Muon Storage Ring , CERN SL-Note-2000-064, CERN-NUFACT-Note-056 (2000).
A.L. Hanson, et al., Electron emission from ion bombarded stainless-steel surfaces coated and non-coated with TiN and its relevance to the design of high-intensity storage rings, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 19 (5) (2001).
P. Thieberger, et al., Secondary-electron yields and their dependence on the angle of incidence on stainless-steel surfaces for three energetic ion beams, Physical Review A, 042901 (2000).
H. Eder, et al., Precise total electron yield measurements for impact of singly or multiply charged ions on clean solid surfaces, Rev. Sci. Instr. 68 (1) (1997).
R. Kirby and F. King, Secondary Electron Emission Yields from PEP-II Accelerator Materials , SLAC-PUB-8212 (2000), and Nucl.Inst.Meth.Phys.Res.A 469 (2001) 1-12 .
F. Zimmermann, Synchrotron Radiation in the LHC Arcs - Monte-Carlo Approach , LHC Project Report 237 (2000).
N. Hilleret, et al., The Secondary Electron Yield of Technical Materials and Its Variation with Surface Treatments, EPAC 2000, Vienna (2000).
H. Fukuma et al., Observation of Vertical Beam Blow-up in KEKB Low Energy Ring , EPAC 2000 Vienna.
J. Flanagan et al., High-Speed Gated Camera Observations of Transverse Beam Size Along Bunch Train at the KEK B Factory , EPAC 2000 Vienna.
K. Ohmi and F. Zimmermann, Head-Tail Instability Caused by Electron Cloud in Positron Storage Rings KEK Preprint and CERN-SL-2000-015 (AP) (May, 2000).
F. Zimmermann, Electron Cloud at the KEKB Low Energy Ring: Simulations of Central Cloud Density, Bunch Filling Patterns, Magnetic Fields, and Lost Electrons CERN-SL-2000-017 (AP) (June, 2000).
B. Richter, The Trapped Electron Instability in the SLAC and KEK B-Factories: An Explanation and Possible Cure, 18 March 2000.
I.L. Krainsky, Diamond Analyzed by Secondary Electron Emission Spectroscopy, NASA, 1999.
W.C. Turner, Dynamic Beam Vacuum in the Beam Tube of the SSCL Collider - Cold Beam Tube and Liner Option, PAC1993
W.E. Kock, A Simple Demonstration of Child's Law for Positive Ions, American Journal of Physics, June 1938, Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 152-153
R. A. Kishek, Y. Y. Lau, L. K. Ang, A. Valfells, and R. M. Gilgenbach, Multipactor discharge on metals and dielectrics: Historical review and recent theories, Phys. Plasmas, vol. 5, pp. 2120, 1998.
F. Höhn, W. Jacob, R. Beckmann, and R. Wilhelm , The transition of a multipactor to a low-pressure gas discharge, Phys. Plasmas 4, 940 (1997)
J.R.M. Vaughan, Multipactor, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 35 1172, 1988

LATEST

ECL2: Joint CARE-HHH, CARE-ELAN and EUROTeV Workshop on Electron Cloud Clearing, CERN, 28 February-2 March 2007, Proceedings CERN-AB-2007-064-ABP (also CARE-Conf-07-007-HHH, CARE/ELAN document-2007-004 and EUROTEV-Report-2007-060)
ECLOUD'04 : 31st ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Electron-Cloud Effects , Napa, California, April 19-22, 2004.
BNL Pressure-Rise Workshop: 13th ICFA Beam Dynamics Mini-Workshop on Beam Induced Pressure Rise in Rings , Brookhaven National Laboratory, December 9-12, 2003.
ECLOUD'02 : Mini-Workshop on the Electron-Cloud Simulations for Proton and Positron Beams , CERN, Geneva, April 15-18, 2002.
Link straight to the full program and slides from the talks . Proceedings will be available soon.
Two-Stream Instabilities Two-Stream Instabilities in Particle Accelerators and Storage Rings , Tsukuba, September 11-14, 2001.
8th Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Mini Workshop on Two-Stream Instabilities in Particle Accelerators and Storage Rings , Santa Fe, February 16-18, 2000 (org. by K. Harkay and R. Macek)
Proc. Mini-Symposium on Photoelectron and Ion Instabilities at PAC'97 (Download proceedings: 4 MB, PDF format), eds. J. Rogers and E. Camdzic (Cornell LNS report CLNS 97-1487, May 1997).

People involved in the crash program on Electron Cloud in the LHC

CERN EST-SM: Cristoforo Benvenuti
CERN LHC-VAC: Vincent Baglin, Ian R. Collins, Oswald Gröbner, Noël Hilleret, Jean-Michel Laurent, Mauro Pivi (Comments or suggestions about surface physics)
CERN PS-RF: Fritz Caspers, Michele Morvillo
CERN SL-AP: Oliver Brüning, Andrea Mostacci, Francesco Ruggiero, Giovanni Rumolo, Luc Vos, Xiaolong Zhang, Frank Zimmermann (Comments or suggestions about beam physics)
GSI Darmstadt Giovanni Rumolo (home page)
LBNL HIF: Miguel Furman (homepage)

Synchrotron radiation from the DCI machine, with 3 keV critical energy, after reflection in a circular stainless steel vacuum chamber (O. Gröbner et. al., 29/04/1988). The picture shows light in the visible spectrum collected on a paper screen at the end of the vacuum chamber. The light impinges on the right side and is reflected on the opposite side with an opening angle depending on its wave length and on the surface roughness. Multiple reflections may lead to a nearly uniform illumination of the LHC beam screen.

8 August 2002 Giovanni Rumolo, SL/AP, and Frank Zimmermann, SL/AP